【佛光文化编者按】2012年5月18—20日,第二届“河北禅宗文化论坛”于河北省邢台市召开,此次论坛为期3天,主题为“辽金元时期的华北佛教”, 研究内容分别涉及金元佛教研究、邢台及河北佛教研究、生活禅研究、禅学及佛教文化研究等四个相关领域。来自海内外的100多位大德法师、专家学者应邀参加分享和交流辽金元时期佛教等先关研究成果。
黄连忠教授在第二届“河北禅宗文化论坛”主题学术报告发表会发表演说
曹洞宗以洞山良价(807-869)为宗祖,倡正偏五位,作《宝镜三昧歌》阐述偏正回互绵密妙用之禅风。 下传八世为芙蓉道楷(1043-1118),芙蓉道楷门下两世对后世影响最大,一为丹霞子淳(1064-1117), 另一为鹿门自觉(?-1117)。丹霞子淳下传宏智正觉(1091-1157), 宏智正觉生于北宋哲宗元佑6年,圆寂于南宋高宗绍兴27年,为曹洞宗10世之一代禅僧巨擘, 并为芙蓉道楷之法孙。鹿门自觉下传5世为万松行秀(1166-1246),万松行秀生于金大定6年(南宋孝宗干道2年),圆寂于元定宗元年(南宋理宗淳佑6年), 曹洞宗14世之禅僧,得法于磁州大明寺雪岩满禅师。 宏智正觉弘法于南方之南宋,万松行秀则弘化于金元之际的北方,皆为曹洞宗之祖师,两人前后南北而相互光辉印照,特别是宏智正觉作《颂古百则》,万松行秀对此书加以阐释、评述与提唱而成《从容庵录》, 本文即以此书略作比较宋元之际曹洞宗两位代表禅师,探讨其禅风转变与禅学思想之要旨。
宏智正觉的《颂古百则》号为“绝唱”,不因弘化于南方的南宋一带而湮没无闻,其默照禅风兼容并蓄绵密深长,让弘化于金元之际北方的万松行秀评点唱和而为《从容庵录》,两人先后而南北呼应与光彩印照,诚为禅门千古佳话。
从汾阳善昭的《颂古百则》之后,百年间所形成的禅学创作之时代风潮,从汾阳善昭到雪窦重显到圆悟克勤的《碧岩录》风行于世。“颂古”文类的出现与发展,在此前后尚有临济的佛眼清远、大慧宗杲、虚堂智愚与无门慧开等人的投入,以及曹洞的投子义青与丹霞子淳等人的著作,可谓颂古之风为当时之流行风尚,而且是在丛林道场之间的雅致之作。然其末流颇有浮华冗漫之议,让着重实修实悟的宗门,一变为咬文嚼字卖弄学问的文字游戏,这也是宋代文字禅发展以后所形成的弊端之一。
宏智正觉大量使用象征譬喻的美学意象,文句绰约华美,诗境清新优雅,其遗偈之“梦幻空华”与“秋水连天”之象征,留下了曹洞宗一代祖师的行持典范。在其《宏智禅师广录》中,信手拈来皆有浓浓的法味,值得细细推敲与品味。笔者以为,宏智正觉强调“默之佛性”与“照之工夫”两者之间为体用一如的关系,也是强调默照禅“明暗因依”与“默照理圆”的圆满及殊胜。至于万松行秀评唱宏智正觉的著作,亦有追比前贤的气势,除了以儒释道三教思想诠释曹洞宗禅法之外,也大量使用历史的典故与俚俗的谚语而予以说明及诠释其禅法,更重要的是融通诸家禅法而以悟为则,不设门庭界限,以宽广的容量与丰赡的学识,旁征博引又不耐其烦的诠解各则公案的机关。然而,笔者却以为万松行秀的批注评论,或有浅俗化与学问化的倾向,太过着墨与渲染各则公案的内容,若以“应机”而言,了悟者自会其心,不劳分说;未悟者按图索骥,却难以在文字之间,得到殊胜体悟的妙解。因此,当代解读其深刻博雅的内容,更是隔靴搔痒了。
(文章作者:台湾高苑科技大学黄连忠,原文收录于《“第二届河北禅宗文化论坛”论文集》
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Friday, 16 March 2018
黄连忠:从宏智正觉《颂古百则》到万松行秀《从容庵录》的曹洞禅风
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