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Tuesday 29 May 2018

四分.

 


唯識學




真帶質與假帶質


意義究竟是什麼?


坐脫立亡


張尚德


唯識學有個根本目的,就是在說一切存在,特別是人的存在,究竟是什麼。釋迦牟尼佛用個總的名稱做解答:

存在發生的起始、過程、流轉與歸結,是:

「阿陀那識」


由阿陀那識派生出人的阿賴耶識和種子識。

在唯識系統中,阿賴耶識是人的根本識,由之而生出第七末那識(情執)、第六意識和眼、耳、鼻、舌、身前五識。

識與根和塵混合在一起的功能作用,有四分:

相分、見分、自證分、證自證分。


下面依序解釋這四分:

  一、相分:

  「相分」就是你的主觀所緣的一切現象,也就是我們認識力的全體所知的一切存在之相,就叫相分。 

  二、見分:

  「見分」就是能緣。即緣其所變相分之見照作用。你的主觀性認識功能、你整個心識的功能相互合作,起了能緣的作用,就叫做見分。 

  見分雖知相分,但見分不能自知見分,如刀不能自斬刀也,但我們的認識力有一種功能,就是別有知見分之用,此名自證分。

  三、自證分:

  首先說自證分就是為相分、見分所依。比如說:「是諸法空相」,這是相分,你看到或證到了「是諸法空相」,你的「證到」是見分;你這個相分、見分那裡來的?答案是:「自證分」。所以自證分是相分和見分所依。當然,這裡說證到「是諸法空相」,只是一種浮面的說法而已,並非深的或真的悟道。

  其次自證分可以親證見分,你自己去證明,也就是你自己有這個主觀性的能力,可以更深一層的見到(證到)你原來的見分,叫做自證分。

  四、證自證分:

  證自證分能緣自證分,更深一層證到,自己更深一層的主觀性、認識力,用哲學的話來講,叫做最高的主觀統攝力,統攝自證分,就是能緣自證分。

另外,在唯識中有個重要概念,就是:



「質」的概念有兩方面意義:

物質的和心理的。

人的存在脫離不了主觀與客觀。從存在的客觀來講,最重要的是物質,也就是「色」,我們主觀的存在和認識,若落在物質上,就叫做「以心緣色」。用一個名稱,叫做:「以心緣色假帶質」。

又說:

「中間相分一頭生」。


意指完全是主觀落到物質上也,物質為「相」。

   之所以說其為「假帶質」,有兩點:

一、 佛法強調「萬法唯心造」。

二、 「唯識三十頌」一開始就說:

「因假說我法、有種種相轉」。

另外,有所謂「真帶質」,那就是「以心緣心真帶質」。

「以心緣心真帶質」是第七識見分(心)抓第八識見分(心),成為第七識的相分,就是「以心緣心」。這種認識功能和心理作用叫做「真帶質」。阿賴耶識既是見分(主觀功能作用),也是相分(被第七識所抓)。

「以心緣心真帶質」,又說:

「中間相分兩頭生」。


意指第八阿賴耶識一旦被第七識所抓,那彼此就既為見分、又為相分也。

重要的是,學佛完全是自己極細緻且深入的去觀察自己的物質與心理的認識功能作用。認識的功能作用,絕對是在自己的腦細胞、和宇宙客觀合在一起的磁場、磁力相感應的。無盡變化功能的腦細胞,在億億萬萬分之一秒鐘,展示出腦波磁力所衍生的意識概念,與宇宙一切存在的磁力產生感應作用,這種感應,可以說比電子還要電子,華嚴經就是如此說的。在性狀程序過程上來說,要透過:

摩他(定)和毘鉢舍那(觀)的極致


也就是「瑜伽師地論」所講的菩薩道的認識與功夫所達到的成就,才能體認這一點。

從「金剛經」來說,要讓自己的身心進到「寂靜莊嚴」,才真能理解什麼是「以心緣心」和「以心緣色」。

此為自古以來每位真修行者所盼望而成就的。

能控攝腦波,就真能控制自己。

古之學者為己,今之學者為啥?

現代文明的浮躁,唯安眠藥才能控制腦波磁力。

歷代大禪師之所以在談笑風生中,坐脫立亡

此也!


附語:

觀音法門的最高峰是:

上與諸佛菩薩同一慈力。

宇宙萬有存在的淨之磁力,是與心能慈力相通的,此所以真正心物一元也。

坐脫立亡的根本道理,完全在能控制自己的腦波磁力。重要的是,頭底中央囪門要與宇宙萬物磁力相通。達此境界,即能超越地水火風四大。此所以心經說:

照見五蘊皆空,度一切苦厄。

 

二零一三年十月二日

於台灣達摩書院

Monday 28 May 2018

Black box

Black box

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Black box systems
Blackbox.svg
Concepts
Black box · Oracle machine
Methods and techniques
Black-box testing · Blackboxing
Related techniques
Feed forward · Obfuscation
Pattern recognition · White box
System identification
Fundamentals
A priori information · Control systems
Open systems · Operations research
Thermodynamic systems
In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque" (black). Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain.
Blackbox3D-withGraphs.png
To analyse something modeled as an open system, with a typical "black box approach", only the behavior of the stimulus/response will be accounted for, to infer the (unknown) box. The usual representation of this black box system is a data flow diagram centered in the box.
The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box(sometimes also known as a "clear box" or a "glass box"[1]).

History[edit]

The modern meaning of the term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions, which led to electronic circuits being regarded as "black boxes" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports, can be traced to Wilhelm Cauer who published his ideas in their most developed form in 1941.[2] Although Cauer did not himself use the term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis.[3] Vitold Belevitch[4] puts the concept of black-boxes even earlier, attributing the explicit use of two-port networks as black boxes to Franz Breisig in 1921 and argues that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that.
In cybernetics, a full treatment was given by Ross Ashby in 1956.[5] A black box was described by Norbert Wiener in 1961 as an unknown system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification.[6] He saw the first step in self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behavior of a black box. Many other engineers, scientists and epistemologists, as Mario Bunge,[7] used and perfected the black box theory in the 1960s.

System theory[edit]

The open system theory is the foundation of black box theory. Both have focus on input and output flows, representing exchanges with the surroundings.
The black box is an abstraction representing a class of concrete open system which can be viewed solely in terms of its stimuli inputs and output reactions:
The constitution and structure of the box are altogether irrelevant to the approach under consideration, which is purely external or phenomenological. In other words, only the behavior of the system will be accounted for.
— Bunge[7]
The understanding of a black box is based on the "explanatory principle", the hypothesis of a causal relation between the input and the output, and:[8]
  • input and output being believed to be distinct,
  • having observable (and relatable) inputs and outputs,
  • being black to the observer (non-openable).

Recording of observed states[edit]

The observed hydrograph is a graphic of the response of a watershed (a blackbox) with its runoff (red) to an input of rainfall (blue).
An observer makes observations over time. All observations of inputs and outputs of a black box can be written in a table with the form:
↓TimeStates of input and output
...... ...
...... ...
in which, at each of a sequence of times, the states of the box’s various parts, input and output, are recorded. Thus, using an example from Ashby, examining a box that has fallen from a flying saucer might lead to this protocol:[5]
↓TimeStates of input and output
11:18 a.m.I did nothing—the Box emitted a steady hum at 240 Hz.
11:19I pushed over the switch marked K: the note rose to 480 Hz and remained steady.
11:20I accidentally pushed the button marked “!”—the Box increased in temperature by 20 °C.
...... Etc.
When the observer (an agent) can also do some stimulus (input), the relation with the black box is not only an observation, but an experiment.
Thus every system, fundamentally, is investigated by the collection of a long protocol, drawn out in time, showing the sequence of input and output states. From this there follows the fundamental deduction that all knowledge obtainable from a Black Box (of given input and output) is such as can be obtained by re-coding the protocol (the observation table); all that, and nothing more.[5]
If the observer also controls input, the investigation turns into an experiment (illustration), and hypotheses about cause and effect can be tested directly.
When the experimenter is also motivated to control the box, there is an active feedback in the box/observer relation, promoting what in control theory is called a feed forward architecture.

Modeling[edit]

The modeling process is the construction of a predictive mathematical model, using existing historic data (observation table).

Testing the black box model[edit]

A developed black box model is a validated model when black-box testing methods[9] ensures that it is, based solely on observable elements.
With backtesting, inputs for past events (not used in the "modeling effort") are entered into the model to see how well the output matches the known results.

Other theories[edit]

Black box theories are things defined only in terms of their function.[10][11] The term black box theory is applied to any field, philosophy and science or otherwise where some inquiry or definition is made into the relations between the appearance of something (exterior/outside), i.e. here specifically the thing's black box state, related to its characteristics and behaviour within (interior/inner).[12][13]
Specifically, the inquiry is focused upon a thing that has no immediately apparent characteristics and therefore has only factors for consideration held within itself hidden from immediate observation. The observer is assumed ignorant in the first instance as the majority of available data is held in an inner situation away from facile investigations. The black box element of the definition is shown as being characterised by a system where observable elements enter a perhaps imaginary box with a set of different outputs emerging which are also observable.[14]

Adoption in humanities[edit]

In humanities disciplines such as philosophy of mind and behaviorism, one of the uses of black box theory is to describe and understand psychological factors in fields such as marketing when applied to an analysis of consumer behaviour.[15][16][17]
The black box theory of consciousness states that the mind is fully understood once the inputs and outputs are well-defined.[18]

Examples[edit]

  • In computer programming and software engineeringblack box testing is used to check that the output of a program is as expected, given certain inputs.[19] The term "black box" is used because the actual program being executed is not examined.
  • In computing in general, a black box program is one where the user cannot see the inner workings (perhaps because it is a closed source program) or one which has no side effects and the function of which need not be examined, a routine suitable for re-use.
  • Also in computing, a black box refers to a piece of equipment provided by a vendor, for the purpose of using that vendor's product. It is often the case that the vendor maintains and supports this equipment, and the company receiving the black box typically is hands-off.
  • In neural networking or heuristic algorithms (computer terms generally used to describe 'learning' computers or 'AI simulations'), a black box is used to describe the constantly changing section of the program environment which cannot easily be tested by the programmers. This is also called a white box in the context that the program code can be seen, but the code is so complex that it is functionally equivalent to a black box.
  • In physics, a black box is a system whose internal structure is unknown, or need not be considered for a particular purpose.
  • In mathematical modeling, when the primary goal is the most accurate replication of data, regardless of the mathematical model structure, a black-box modeling approach is useful. If the inputs and outputs are known the model can be inferred. Black-box modeling is a trial-and-error method, where parameters of various models are estimated, and the output from those models is compared to the results with the opportunity for further refinement.[20]
  • In philosophy and psychology, the school of behaviorism sees the human mind as a black box;[21] see other theories.
  • In neorealist international relations theory, the sovereign state is generally considered a black box: states are assumed to be unitary, rational, self-interested actors, and the actual decision-making processes of the state are disregarded as being largely irrelevant. Liberal and constructivist theorists often criticize neorealism for the "black box" model, and refer to much of their work on how states arrive at decisions as "breaking open the black box".
  • In cryptography to capture the notion of knowledge obtained by an algorithm through the execution of a cryptographic protocol such as a zero-knowledge proof protocol. If the output of an algorithm when interacting with the protocol matches that of a simulator given some inputs, it 'need not know' anything more than those inputs.
Black Box theory is, however, even wider in application than these professional studies:
The child who tries to open a door has to manipulate the handle (the input) so as to produce the desired movement at the latch (the output); and he has to learn how to control the one by the other without being able to see the internal mechanism that links them. In our daily lives we are confronted at every turn with systems whose internal mechanisms are not fully open to inspection, and which must be treated by the methods appropriate to the Black Box.
— Ashby[5]
(...) This simple rule proved very effective and is an illustration of how the Black Box principle in cybernetics can be used to control situations that, if gone into deeply, may seem very complex.
A further example of the Black Box principle is the treatment of mental patients. The human brain is certainly a Black Box, and while a great deal of neurological research is going on to understand the mechanism of the brain, progress in treatment is also being made by observing patients' responses to stimuli.
— Duckworth, Gear and Lockett[22]

Other uses of the term[edit]

  • In aviation, the flight recorder is often called a "black box", especially by the media, although it is usually bright orange to facilitate its discovery after a crash. In an airplane or helicopter, the flight recorder consists of two independent devices that are usually combined in a single unit. The flight data recorder logs information about controls and sensors, and the cockpit voice recorder preserves the most recent sounds in the cockpit, including conversation of the pilots. If an accident happens, investigators can use the recordings to assist in the investigation.
  • In amateur radio the term "black box operator" is a disparaging or self-deprecating description of someone who operates factory-made radios without having a good understanding of how they work. Such operators do not build their own equipment (an activity called "homebrewing") or repair their own "black boxes".[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ Holzinger, Andreas; Plass, Markus; Holzinger, Katharina; Crisan, Gloria Cerasela; Pintea, Camelia-M.; Palade, Vasile (2017-08-03). "A glass-box interactive machine learning approach for solving NP-hard problems with the human-in-the-loop"arXiv:1708.01104 [cs, stat].
  2. Jump up^ Cauer, Wilhelm; Theorie der linearen WechselstromschaltungenVol.I, Akademische Verlags-Gesellschaft Becker und Erler, Leipzig, 1941.
  3. Jump up^ Cauer, Emil; Mathis, Wolfgang; and Pauli, Rainer; "Life and Work of Wilhelm Cauer (1900 – 1945)", Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Symposium of Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems (MTNS2000), p4, Perpignan, June, 2000. Retrieved online 19 September 2008.
  4. Jump up^ Belevitch, Vitold; "Summary of the history of circuit theory", Proceedings of the IREvol 50, Iss 5, pp. 848-855, May 1962.
  5. Jump up to:a b c d Ashby, W. Ross; An introduction to cybernetics, London: Chapman & Hall, 1956, chapter 6: The black box, pp. 86–117.
  6. Jump up^ Wiener, Norbert; Cybernetics: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT Press, 1961, ISBN 0-262-73009-X, page xi
  7. Jump up to:a b Bunge, Mario; "A general black-box theory", Philosophy of Science, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1963, pp. 346-358. jstor/186066
  8. Jump up^ Glanville, Ranulph; "Black Boxes", Cybernetics and Human Knowing, 2009, pp. 153-167.
  9. Jump up^ See for ex. the British standard BS 7925-2 (Software component testing), or its 2001 work draft,
    BCS SIGIST (British Computer Society Specialist Interest Group in Software Testing), "Standard for Software Component Testing", Working Draft 3.4, 27 April 2001 webpage.
  10. Jump up^ Definition from Answers.com
  11. Jump up^ definition from highbeam
  12. Jump up^ Black box theory applied briefly to Isaac Newton
  13. Jump up^ Feshbach, D. "What's inside the black box: a case study of allocative politics in the Hill-Burton program". Int J Health Serv9: 313–39. doi:10.2190/ltd9-c9c7-x1lf-pmnmPMID 374288.
  14. Jump up^ Physics dept, Temple University, Philadelphia
  15. Jump up^ Institute for working futures Archived 26 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. part of Advanced Diploma in Logistics and Management. Retrieved 11/09/2011
  16. Jump up^ Black-box theory used to understand Consumer behaviourMarketing By Richard L. Sandhusen. Retrieved 11/09/2011
  17. Jump up^ designing of websites Retrieved 11/09/2011
  18. Jump up^ the Professor network
  19. Jump up^ Beizer, Boris; Black-Box Testing: Techniques for Functional Testing of Software and Systems, 1995, ISBN 0-471-12094-4
  20. Jump up^ Antunes, Ricardo; González, Vicente a.; Walsh, Kenneth (29 July 2015). "Identification of Repetitive Processes at Steady- and Unsteady-state: Transfer Function". pp. 793–802. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4193.7364. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  21. Jump up^ "Mind as a Black Box: The Behaviorist Approach", pp. 85-88, in Friedenberg, Jay; and Silverman, Gordon; Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind, Sage Publications, 2006.
  22. Jump up^ WE Duckworth, AE Gear and AG Lockett (1977), "A Guide to Operational Research". doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6910-3
  23. Jump up^ http://www.g3ngd.talktalk.net/1950.html