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Sunday, 23 December 2018

陈立胜:现象学与禅宗

陈立胜:现象学与禅宗

2016-12-21 18:42:51

张再林:从西方现代现象学看中国唯识论

张再林:从西方现代现象学看中国唯识论

2016-12-23 11:27:09

张庆熊:从现象学看佛教“量论”的当代意义

张庆熊:从现象学看佛教“量论”的当代意义

2016-12-22 11:46:40

Friday, 21 December 2018


Evidence Map of Mindfulness

From HSR&D 

The following bubble plot broadly summarizes mindfulness intervention systematic reviews published up to February 2014 – and shows the clinical conditions addressed in reviews (bubbles), the estimated size of the literature based on number of RCTs in the largest review (y-axis), the effectiveness trend according to reviews (x-axis), and the number of reviews (bubble size) per clinical condition. Colors: green (various mindfulness interventions), pink (MBSR), purple (MBCT), blue (MBSR+MBCT), and 
yellow (unique mindfulness-based intervention).

Tuesday, 18 September 2018

七十五法



七十五法,佛学早期理论,又称作小乘七十五法。小乘俱舍宗将世间一切法(现象)概括为七十五种,摄为五个类别。
中文名
佛学理论 心法

又称
小乘七十五法

类型
佛学理论

心法
依根而生

色法
色法十一种
(1) 眼根(梵cakṣur-indriya );
(2)耳根(梵śrotrendriya );
(3)鼻根(梵ghrānendriya );
(4)舌根(梵jihvendriya );
(5)身根(梵kāyendriya );
(6)色境(梵rūpa -viṣaya );
(7)声境(梵śabda - viṣaya );
(8)香境(梵gandha -viṣaya );
(9)味境(梵rasa -viṣaya );
(10) 触境(梵sparśa -viṣaya );
(11)无表色(梵avijñapti -rūpa )。
其中前五者能发识取境,故称五根;次五者为五根所缘之境界,故称五境;无表色系依身、口发动之善业与恶业,为生于身内之一种无形色法,乃感苦、乐果之业因,具防非止恶或防善止恶之功。
心法
心法一种:即依根而生,觉知境之总作用,指六识心王(梵citta )。
心所有法
心所有法四十六种,分为六位。此四十六法皆随附于心法而起,故称心所有法。即:
遍大地法
遍大地法(梵mahā-bhūmikādharmāḥ )十种:
受(梵vedanā ,领纳苦、乐、舍三境之作用);
想(梵sañjñā ,想像事物之作用);
思(梵cetanā ,造作诸业之作用);
触(梵sparśa ,对境之作用);
欲( 梵chanda ,希求之作用);
慧(梵prajñā ,拣择善恶法之作用);
念(梵smriti ,记忆不忘之作用);
作意(梵manaskāra ,令心心所警觉对象之作用);
胜解( 梵adhimokṣa ,明了事理之作用);
三摩地(梵samādhi ,译作定,令心所专注一境而不散之作用)。
此十法通善、不善、无记之一切心王而起,故称遍大地法。略作大地法。
大善地法
大善地法(梵kuśala - mahā-bhūmikādharmāḥ)十种:
信(梵śraddhā ,令心心所澄净之作用);
不放逸(梵apramāda ,止恶行善);
轻安(梵praśrabdhi ,使身心轻妙安稳之作用);
行舍(梵upekṣā,令身心舍离执着诸法之念,而住于平等之作用,为行蕴所摄之舍);
惭(梵hrī ,于所造罪,自观有耻);
愧(梵apatrāpya ,于所造罪,观他有耻);
无贪(梵alobha ,不贪着顺境之作用);
无嗔(梵adveṣa ,于逆境不起忿怒之作用);
不害(梵ahimsā ,不损恼他之作用);
勤(梵vīrya ,精进修习诸善法之作用)。
此十法与一切之善心相应而起,故称大善地法。
大烦恼地法
大烦恼地法(梵kleśa - mahā-bhūmikādharmāḥ)六种:
无明(梵avidyā ,以愚痴为性);
放逸(梵pramāda ,于恶法放逸之作用);
懈怠(梵kausīdya ,于善法不勇悍之作用);
不信(梵āśraddhya ,令心不澄净之作用);
惛沈(梵styāna ,令心沉重之作用);
掉举(梵auddhatya,令心轻浮之作用)。
此六法常与恶心及有覆无记心相应,故称大烦恼地法。
大不善地法
大不善地法(梵akuśala - mahā-bhūmikādharmāḥ)二种:
无惭(梵āhrīkya ,不自羞耻之作用)、
无愧(梵anapatrāpya ,在他人前不感到羞耻之作用)。
此二法与一切之不善心相应,故称大不善地法。
小烦恼地法
小烦恼地法(梵parītta -kleśa- bhūmikādharmāḥ )十种:
忿(梵krodha ,令起怒相之作用);
覆(梵mrakṣa ,隐藏己过之作用);
悭(梵mātsarya ,于财、法等不能惠施之作用);
嫉(梵 īrṣyā ,妒忌之作用);
恼(梵pradāsa ,坚执恶事而恼乱身心之作用);
害(梵vihimsā,损恼他人之作用);
恨(梵upanāha ,于忿境结怨不舍之作用);
谄(梵māyā,令心心所邪曲不直之作用);
诳(梵śāthya ,欺他不实之作用);
憍(梵mada ,心贡高而傲他之作用)。
此十法唯为修道所断,仅与意识之无明相应,且其现行各别,而非十法俱起,故称为小烦恼地法。
不定地法
不定地法(梵aniyata - bhūmikādharmāḥ)八种:
寻(梵 vitarka ,寻求事理之粗胜作用);
伺(梵 vicāra ,伺察事理之细性作用);
睡眠(梵middha ,令心心所昏昧之作用);
恶作(梵kaukritya ,思念所作之事而令心追悔之作用);
贪(梵rāga ,贪爱顺境之作用);
嗔(梵pratigha ,于逆境嗔恚之作用);
慢(梵māna ,使心高举而凌他之作用);
疑(梵vicikitsā ,使于谛理犹豫不决之作用)。
此八法不入前五位,广通善、恶、无记三性,故称不定地法。
心不相应行法
心不相应行法十四种:
(1)得(梵prāpti ),令得诸法于身之实法;
(2)非得( 梵aprāpti ),令诸法离身之实法;
(3)众同分(梵nikāya -sabhāga),各随其趣,而使得同一果报之实法;
(4)无想果(梵āsañjñika ),于无想天之中令心心所皆灭之实法。此为外道所执之涅盘;
(5)无想定(梵āsañjñi -samāpatti ),乃为得无想果所修得之无心定;
(6)灭尽定(梵nirodha -samāpatti ),不还或阿罗汉之圣者,为止息暂时所入之无心定;
(7)命根(梵jīvitendriya ),维持寿命之实法;
(8)生(梵jāti ),令诸法生起之实法;
(9)住(梵sthiti ),令诸法不迁之实法;
(10)异(梵anyathātva),令诸法衰异之实法;
(11)灭(梵vyaya ),令诸法消尽之实法;
(12)名身(梵nāma - kāya ),色声等之名;
(13)句身(梵pada -kāya ),诸法无常等之章句;
(14)文身(梵vyañjana -kāya ),名与句所依之文字;二个以上,故称为身。
此十四法为非色非心之法,而不与心相应,故称为心不相应行法。
无为法
无为法三种:
(1)择灭无为(梵pratisaṅkhyā -nirodha ),依正智简择力而得之寂灭法;
(2)非择灭无为(梵apratisaṅkhyā -nirodha ), 非依正智简择力,但依缺生缘而现之寂灭法;
(3)虚空无为(梵ākāśa ),以无碍为性,容受万物而遍一切处。
此三法无生、住、异、灭四相之作为,故称无为法。
《大毗婆沙论》卷四十二等所说与上略异。亦有将七十五法分为色、非色,有见、无见,有对、无对等形式者。[《俱舍论》卷四、《俱舍论光记》卷四](参阅‘五位七十五法’1089)
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词条目录
百科名片

色法

心法

心所有法

遍大地法

大善地法

大烦恼地法

大不善地法

小烦恼地法

不定地法

心不相应行法

无为法

Wednesday, 5 September 2018

In the explanatory path of objectivity-in-parenthesis, the observer system explicitly accepts: a) that he or she is, as a human being, a living system; b) that his or her cognitive abilities as an observer are biological phenomena because they are altered when his or her biology is altered; and c) that if he or she wants to explain his or her cognitive abilities as an observer, he or she must do so showing how they arise as biological phenomena in his or her realisation as a living system. Moreover, by adopting this explanatory path, the observer has to accept as his or her constitutive features all constitutive features of living systems, particularly their inability to distinguish in experience what we distinguish in daily life as perception and illusion."(Maturana, 1988a, p. 29)

The single most detailed discussion of these constructs is to be found in Maturana (1988a), in which he provides (p. 32) one of his rare illustrations (termed the ontological diagram) laying out the relationships between these two modes of explanation. The ontological diagram is illustrated below.
Ontological Diagram (Maturana, 1988a, p. 32)
Ontological Diagram (Maturana, 1988a, p. 32)

 The path on the left side of the ontological diagram represents objectivity-without-parenthesis. This path acknowledges only a single objective 'universum', and explanations generated within this path are directed toward that single object of reference. Because this path invokes a foundation which transcends the observer's / explainer's own biology and cognition, it generates a domain of 'transcendental ontologies'.The path on the right side represents objectivity-in-parenthesis. As a secondary or corollary commitment in this path, the observer must accept any and all constitutive features of living systems -- most particularly their imputed inability to distinguish (within the scope of their experience) between perception (i.e., apprehension of something objectively existent) and illusion (a misapprehension of something objectively existent). This has the effect of opening the doors for multiple -- even infinite -- viable or valid explanations, as well as an equivalent diversity of explanatory domains. As such, this explanatory path allows for a multiversum instead of a unary universum.
Explanations generated within this path are qualified with regard to the biology and cognition of the observer(s) involved. Because this path must pay attention to the constitutive features of living systems, it generates a domain of 'constitutive ontologies'.


In Summary:

  • The biology of cognition / autopoietic theory is an explanatory framework generated along the explanatory path of objectivity-in-parenthesis.
  • In terms of fundamental orientation to 'reality', the biology of cognition / autopoietic theory is presented within the domain of constitutive ontologies.


Sunday, 2 September 2018

The One Hundred Dharmas 百法

The One Hundred Dharmas
百法
Compiled by Dan Lusthaus
[For a detailed chart of the 75 Abhidharma dharmas (in Japanese), see Bauddha Kośa]

Based on Vasubandhu's Baifa mingmen lun 百法明門論 Mahāyāna śatadharmā-prakāśamukha śāstra (Lucid Introduction to the One Hundred Dharmas) (T 1614)

I. The Eight Consciousnesses Citta-dharma  心法,八識
1. Seeing-consciousnesscakṣur-vijñāna眼識
2. Hearing-consciousnessśrotra-vijñāna耳識
3. Smelling-consciousnessghrāṇa-vijñāna鼻識
4. Tasting-consciousnessjihvā-vijñāna舌識
5. Tactile/kinetic consciousnesskāya-vijñāna身識
6. Empiric-consciousenssmano-vijñāna意識
7. Focusingmanas
8. Warehouse consciousnessālaya-vijñāna阿賴耶識


II. Mental Associates    caitta, caitasika-dharma  心所法
citta-samprayukta-dharma  心相應法
A. Always-active  Sarvatraga  遍行
 9. Sensory contactsparśa
10. Pleasure/pain/neutralvedanā
11. Volitioncetanā
12. Associative-thinkingsaṃjñā
13. Attentionmanaskāra作意

B. Specific  Viniyata  別境
14. Desirechanda
15. Confident Resolveadhimokṣa勝解
16. Memory/mindfulnesssmṛti
17. Meditative concentrationsamādhi
18. Discernmentprajñā

C. Advantageous  Kuśala  
19. Faith/trustśraddhā
20. [inner] Shamehrī
21. Embarrassmentapatrāpya
22. Lack of Greedalobha無貪
23. Lack of Hatredadveṣa無瞋
24. Lack of Misconceptionamoha無癡
25. Vigorvīrya精進
26. Serenitypraśrabdhi輕安
27. Carefulnessapramāda不放逸
28. Equanimityupekṣa行捨
29. Non-harmfulnessahiṃsā不害

D. Mental Disturbances  Kleśa  煩惱
30. Appropriational intentrāga
31. Aversionpratigha
32. Stupiditymūḍhi
33. Arrogancemāna
34. Doubtvicikitsā
35. Perspectivalitydṛṣṭi惡見

E. Secondary Mental Disturbances  Upakleśa  隨煩惱
36. Angerkrodha忿
37. Enmityupanāha
38. Resist recognizing own faultsmrakṣa
39. [verbal] maliciousnesspradāsa
40. Envyīrasyā
41. Selfishnessmātsarya
42. Deceitmāyā
43. Guileśāṭhya
44. Harmfulnessvihiṃsā
45. Conceitmada
46. Shamelessnessāhrīkya無慚
47. Non-embarrassmentanapatrāpya無愧
48. Restlessnessauddhatya掉擧
49. Mental fogginessstyāna惛沈
50. Lack of Faith/trustāśraddhya不信
51. Lethargic negligencekausīdya懈怠
52. Carelessnesspramāda放逸
53. Forgetfulnessmuṣitasmṛtitā失念
54. Distractionvikṣepa散亂
55. Lack of [self-]Awarenessasaṃprajanya不正知

F. Indeterminate  Aniyata  不定
56. Remorsekaukṛtya
57. Torpormiddha睡眠
58. Initial mental applicationvitarka
59. [subsequent] Discursive Thoughtvicāra


III. Form      Rūpa-dharma  色法
60. Eyecakṣus
61. Earśrotra
62. Noseghrāṇa
63. Tonguejihvā
64. Bodykāya
65. [visible] formrūpa
66. Soundśabda
67. Smellgandha
68. Tasterasa
69. Touchspraṣṭavya
70. 'Formal' Thought-objectsdharmāyatanikāni rūpāni法處所攝色
  1. Concrete form analyzed to minutest extent 極略色
  2. Non-concrete form (space, color) analyzed to grandest extent 極逈色
  3. Innermost impression of perceptual form 受所引色
  4. Forms arising through False Conceptual Construction 遍計所起色
  5. Forms produced and mastered in samādhi 定所生自在色

IV. Embodied-conditioning Not Directly [perceived] by Citta
Citta-viprayukta-saṃskāra-dharma  心不相應行法
71. (karmic) Accrualprāpti
72. Life-forcejīvitendriya命根
73. Commonalities by speciesnikāya-sabhāga衆同分
74. Differentiation of speciesvisabhāga異生法
75. Attainment of Thoughtlessnessasaṃjñi-samāpatti無想定
76. Attainment of Cessationnirodha-samāpatti滅盡定
77. [realm of] Thoughtless [beings]āsaṃjñika無想果
78. 'Name' bodynāma-kāya名身
79. 'Predicate' bodypada-kāya句身
80. 'Utterance' bodyvyañjana-kāya文身
81. Birth/arisingjāti
82. Continuity/abidingsthiti
83. Aging/decayingjarā
84. Impermanenceanityatā無常
85. Systematic Operationpravṛtti流轉
86. Determinant (karmic) Differencespratiniyama定異
87. Unifyingyoga相應
88. Speedjāva勢速
89. Serialityanukrama次第
90. Area (space)deśa
91. Timekāla
92. Number/calculationsaṃkhyā
93. Synthesissāmagrī和合性
94. Otherwisenessanyathātva不和合性


V. Unconditioned Dharmas Asaṃskṛta-dharmas  無爲法
95. Spatialityākāśa虛空
96. Cessation through Understandingpratisaṃkhyā-nirodha擇滅無爲
97. Cessation without Understandingapratisaṃkhyā-nirodha非擇滅無爲
98. 'Motionless' Cessationāniñjya不動滅無爲
99. Cessation of Associative-thinking and Pleasure/painsaṃjñā-vedayita-nirodha想受滅無爲
100. Ipseitytathatā眞如